Business credit cards are a helping hand for those entrepreneurs who are running their own businesses. A business credit card not only acts as a line of credit but can also help to provide you enough control in managing your companys finances and cash. When business credit cards were first introduced it was mainly aimed towards corporate executives. However, this trend has changed and nowadays even small business owners can acquire business credit cards fairly easily. Business credit cards have become a versatile tool which allows business owners to utilize effectively over time as their business needs change.

A majority of the business credit cards come with a wide range of features including cash advances, cash rewards, airline miles, one-call emergency service, and insurance coverage. The features included in a business credit card vary from one card provider to the other, but most of the credit card companies offer an attractive introductory rate for the first few months from the date of opening your account. After that initial period the customer will be required to pay a higher ongoing APR and the card also might require an annual membership fee.

One of the major advantages of a business credit card is that it provides a significant increase in financial control. The cards allow you to simplify and manage your business expenses well, eliminating the need to use a personal credit card for business expenses. Another most important feature of a business credit card is that small business owners can make use of these little pieces of plastic to provide financing or emergency “bridge loans” for their business when stuck in cash flow shortages. And even thought it is not explicitly stated in the business card features, business owners have made use of business credit cards for start-up funding as well.

Nowadays, there are myriad small and medium sized companies which make use of business credit cards as an efficient financing tool. There is a wide variety of credit card issuers that offer business credit cards with various schemes and features. Because of the many opportunities available, it is highly recommended to thoroughly contrast and compare business credit cards to select the ideal card best suited to your specific business needs.

Tips for Choosing a Business Credit Card

Before you apply for a credit limit on a business credit, make an estimate of your monthly business expenses and your history of repayment. Make sure that you apply for a credit limit that you know is within the bounds of your expense limitations, but equally important, will also take into account the growing needs of your business.

If you have several employees working under you, you need to determine how many cards your business may need and which employees will require cards for business expenses. Obviously, before you issue cards to any employees make absolutely sure that they are trustworthy.

Also, make sure that during this process that you determine your business requirements for ancillary services. That is, if you or your employee has to travel regularly for business needs, then it is a good idea to find out those business credit card issuers who offer free air miles, travel insurance, and hotel discounts.

Be careful about the introductory interest rates offered by business credit card issuers. Most of these offers are designed to entice new customers and after an initial period of six months to one year, the interest rates will increase substantially. So when comparing business credit cards, one of the most important things to check is the regular interest rate versus the introductory APR and which card compares favorably in that regard.

So if you are planning to start a new business venture, try to utilize the entire suite of benefits that a business credit card offers that can fund, track and reward your business activities.

Cash back credit cards are becoming more and more popular these days owing to its attractive cash back option. Cash back reward programs offers a flat percentage rate, generally 1% of purchases, rebated back to the customer in the form of a check at the end of a statement credit or at the end of the year.

Several merchants as well as established department stores offer cash back credit cards to entice its regular customers and new customers to encourage shopping at their stores by charging the purchases with their respective cash back credit cards. The customers who utilize this scheme will get the cash back reward for the total amount of purchases done at the end of a billing statement.

Most of the cash back credit card issuers create their own cash back credit programs. The two most popular types of cash back credit card programs will provide the customers with a credit to their balance card amount whenever the customer makes a purchase with the card. However, the original amount of the cash back reward a customer obtains will depend on the original terms and conditions of the cash back credit card program. This varies from one card issuer to the other and the amount of total purchases made by a customer using the card.

There are several points you need to consider before applying for a cash back credit card. The first step is to determine your spending habits and calculate how much credit is needed for you every month. If you are a frequent shopper and you buy a lot of products from a particular store which offers a cash back program, then obviously, it is a good idea to obtain a cash back credit card.

However, all credit cards offering cash back rewards are not limited to a particular shop. There are several credit card issuers who provide an ordinary MasterCard or Visa credit card which the customers can use at any shop which accepts payments, providing cash back reward offers for goods or services purchased using the credit card. If you are using these types of cash back credit cards, you need not purchase from one specific shop all the time. You can use these cards to purchase products from any store which accepts these credit cards.

Before you apply for any of the cash back credit cards, read the terms and conditions of the card carefully, paying particular attention to any annual fees or hidden charges that you might need to pay for obtaining and using these cards. To obtain cash back benefits, some credit card issuers will require customers to carry forward a card balance from one month to the next. However, often times these types of card offers are not useful as cardholders end up to paying more in higher interest rate charges just for keeping a balance on the card.

So, before applying for any cash back credit card it is a good idea to estimate how much you will spend each month and calculate the cash back benefit you will receive every year. Now, subtract the amount of the annual membership or total fees you will need to pay to obtain the card. The result, if positive, is the net benefit you obtain by using the cash back credit card. If the result is negative, you need to rethink your motivation for needing this type of card. Keep in mind that the best cash back credit card is the one which will help you to secure the most net benefit in cash back rewards less any fees or surcharges that will be incurred.

Properly closing a credit card account can be a relatively easy procedure.  Whatever your reasons are, it is imperative to follow the correct steps to ensure you credit card account is completely closed for good.

Step One: Pay Off Your Balance

Before you begin the process of closing our your credit card account, it is necessary to bring your owed balance down to $0.  Make a note of the exact day you sent in your final payment and also the date it posted to account.  Organization is key to the process.

Step Two: Notify Your Credit Card Issuer

Contact your credit card issuer by phone and notify them that you would like to cancel your credit card account.  Most of the time, your credit card issuer’s phone contact information can be found on the back of the actual credit card or your monthly statement.  Remember to be diligent in writing down each person’s name you talk to and the exact time and date of the call. Card issuers hire many customer service representatives to assist their customers, so having all your information organized and thorough definitely helps the situation.

Step Three: Confirm Your Cancellation Request

Re-affirm your account cancellation conversation in writing by sending the credit card issuer a letter informing them that you wish to close the account. Requesting a confirmation letter to validate the cancellation is very important. Remember to request a written confirmation of the account’s closure from the credit card issuer.

Patience is a virtue: It typically takes anywhere from 30 – 45 days for a credit card issuer to completely close out a credit account.

Step Four: Check Your Credit Reports For The Account Closure

After your have allowed adequate time for the card issuer to close your account, it is now time to confirm that your account has indeed been cancelled.  Begin by contacing the three credit reporting agencies to check that each has been notified of the closed account. Your credit report should reflect that no further action has been applied to your credit card account and the proper terms have been designated to  your account closure.

Step Five: Cut Up Your Credit Card

Now that your credit account is completely closed, it is now time to destroy your credit card.  Either physically cut up your credit card with a pair of scissors or have it properly shredded to guard yourself from future identity theft

.

As you go through the process of canceling your credit card, it is important to have all your phone contacts, conversations, confirmations and dates recorded. That way, if anything goes wrong, you will have all the facts needed to help you properly close your account.

Source: Consumer Credit Card Guide

Getting a credit card is a sign of being an adult. For a teen to get his or her first credit card is a coming of age thing. It gives him or her valuable responsibility that would train him or her for the world ahead of him. However, as a teenager, one needs to be careful because these responsibilities come with serious monetary repercussions. One needs to be ready to take up that responsibility of being an adult American. Express credit card applications can be found here and there. Here is a short credit card guide for teens to follow.

Canvass
Free credit cards get delivered everyday via mail. You probably get offers monthly. People probably have offered them to you at the mall along with a free gift item. Be wary because these free credit card applications, at least a good number of them, has a catch attached to them. You might be making a big mistake by joining them and you will be obligated, tied to the bank for a long period. The best thing to do first is to canvass around for other credit cards. Read and research each offer to see which one best suits your needs.

Check the Annual Rates
One of the most important things you need to cross check when canvassing for a good credit card is the interest rates. What you need to know is whether the card has a variable rate or a fixed rate. Fixed rates do not change over time obviously. Variable rates do as you might have guessed. They usually start out small so that you won’t feel the fee and so that you will be enticed to join. But then after some time, the rate could increase exponentially.

Check the other Fees as Well as Grace Periods
Of course there are other fees you need to be concerned with when you are searching for your perfect credit card. Perhaps the American express credit card application that you want does not have a long grace period. This is the amount of time given to you to pay your for the credit you used before you are fined for being late. There are also various charges for being over the limit or for cash advances.

Check the Fine Print
So many people have been duped because they did not read the fine print. It is perhaps so simple a thing that people tend to forget about it. These fine prints contain extremely significant information. The credit card might have a very low fixed rate but in the fine print, it states that this will change once you have a singe late payment.

Predatory lending is in the news again. This time it is not just about mortgage companies offering 100% financing on homes.

It looks like First Premier Bank of South Dakota has agreed to refund $4.5 million dollar to New York consumers based on illegal and deceptive marketing tactics.

Although a settlement of 4.5 million sounds huge, after every one takes their cut and it get distributed through out the group…the actual settlement could amount to peanuts.

Also, after the creditor pays the settlement, the individuals that were victims of this kind of scam will continue to pay for 7-10 years with their credit score.

Since everything we do today is unfairly linked to the credit score, it will cost these victims more than they think. In case you didn’t know, when your credit score goes down it is a way for the credit bureaus to advertising to the world that you are not creditworthy and you are a risk to do business with.

Creditors have the right to pull your credit regularly to make sure you are still in good standing. So, if you are late or having trouble paying one creditor (say first premier bank), your credit privileges can actually be revoked by other creditors (Sears, Macys, Shell, Discover etc.).

As if that’s not enough…when your auto and / or home insurance become due…that could cost more too. All Insurance companies base your insurance premiums on your credit score. So, if you have a low credit score, you will pay higher insurance premiums.

Lets not even talk about if you are in the military, work for a bank, your job requires you to have a security clearance, applying for a new job, trying to relocate, or want to adopt a baby…

The downfall of the residential mortgage industry is having a significant effect on the credit industry. Because of so many bad loans Wall Street is not interested in investing in mortgages.

As a result, we are seeing a tremendous amount of banks going belly up. As of since the fist of the year 129 banks have gone out of business. You can get a list from MortgageImplode.

Keep an eye on your mortgage lender and if they are in trouble, try buying your mortgage back from them at a discount. If you can raise the funds to pull this off, you will have saved yourself a lot of money in mortgage interest over time.

Credit is not the most exciting topic; however, you must guard it with your life. Especially, since the credit score is so unfairly attached to necessary and mandatory resources.

My advice is to keep an eye on your credit. Check it often. If you discover problems try to fix them. Credit repair is not difficult.

As soon as your score begins to rise…don’t forget to call your auto insurance and ask them to recalculate your premium…you will be pleasantly surprised.

Everyone is entitled to receive one credit report a year, from the three different credit bureaus, at no cost. So, go online AnnualCreditReport and check your credit. If you decide to include your credit score, the company is allowed to charge a fee for the credit score.

If you are a merchant who has been searching for ways to finance your business, you have most likely come across the multitude of business loans, and other financing options that are available for business owners.

Startup loans are intended to fund the development of a business from the ground up and business acquisition loans provide funds for the purchase of an already existing business, especially helpful for those who find that the amount of money they can acquire through a startup loan does not cover the actual startup costs.

Other financing options include business lines of credit, which are like credit cards for businesses, offering a specific credit limit up to which a business may access, equipment financing, which is a loan that is given to finance the purchase of equipment, using the equipment as collateral for the loan, and professional loans, which are designed for business professionals such as doctors, dentists, and lawyers.

But a merchant’s needs are different. Merchants need to satisfy customers in order to promote sales, and none of these loans are ideal for the countless merchants who are in need of business financing. And whether products or services are sold, having continuous access to working capital is important.

Fortunately, there is a type of loan specifically designed for owners of retail and consumer-driven businesses. A merchant cash advance is a type of merchant loan that is based on the monthly credit card sales that a merchant processes.

Recipients of merchant cash advances have used their funds to purchase inventory and/or equipment, to increase advertising for their businesses, and even to expand their businesses. Still, the types of existing merchant businesses are endless, and every merchant has financial needs unique to his/her business. For this reason, most lenders impose no restrictions on what a merchant cash advance can be used for.

Another factor that makes merchant cash advances the desired merchant loan is the unique payback procedure, intended to meet the needs of merchants. Instead of requiring a fixed monthly payment, businesses’ credit card sales are used to handle the repayment. When customers make purchases using credit cards, a percentage of those sales goes towards the repayment of the merchant cash advance. This is done until the merchant cash advance has been completely repaid.

The majority of a merchant’s time must be spent tending to customers’ needs and promoting customer satisfaction. This can make it difficult to remember to make monthly payments, ultimately leading to fines and penalties that could have been avoided. The merchant cash advance repayment system eliminates the possibility of these unnecessary charges, taking the responsibility of remembering to make a payment completely off the merchant’s shoulders.

Also beneficial to merchants, many merchant lenders that offer merchant cash advances also provide merchants with the opportunity to renew merchant cash advances. Usually, this process is even easier than the initial process requiring only a signature before the merchant’s account is funded.

Question about merchant loans

Finance, Credit, Investments – Economical Categories. Modern Interpretation

Scientific works in the theories of finances and credit, according to the specification of the research object, are characterized to be many-sided and many-leveled.

The definition of totality of the economical relations formed in the process of formation, distribution and usage of finances, as money sources is widely spread. For example, in “the general theory of finances” there are two definitions of finances:

1)            “…Finances reflect economical relations, formation of the funds of money sources, in the process of distribution and redistribution of national receipts according to the distribution and usage”. This definition is given relatively to the conditions of Capitalism, when cash-commodity relations gain universal character;

2)            “Finances represent the formation of centralized ad decentralized money sources, economical relations relatively with the distribution and usage, which serve for fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and also provision of the conditions of the widened further production”. This definition is brought without showing the environment of its action. We share partly such explanation of finances and think expedient to make some specification.

First, finances overcome the bounds of distribution and redistribution service of the national income, though it is a basic foundation of finances. Also, formation and usage of the depreciation fund which is the part of financial domain, belongs not to the distribution and redistribution of the national income (of newly formed value during a year), but to the distribution of already developed value.

This latest first appears to be a part of value of main industrial funds, later it is moved to the cost price of a ready product (that is to the value too) and after its realization, and it is set the depression fund. Its source is taken into account before hand as a depression kind in the consistence of the ready products cost price.

Second, main goal of finances is much wider then “fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and provision of conditions for the widened further production”. Finances exist on the state level and also on the manufactures and branches’ level too, and in such conditions, when the most part of the manufactures are not state.

V. M. Rodionova has a different position about this subject: “real formation of the financial resources begins on the stage of distribution, when the value is realized and concrete economical forms of the realized value are separated from the consistence of the profit”. V. M. Rodionova makes an accent of finances, as distributing relations, when D. S. Moliakov underlines industrial foundation of finances. Though both of them give quite substantiate discussion of finances, as a system of formation, distribution and usage of the funds of money sources, that comes out of the following definition of the finances: “financial cash relations, which forms in the process of distribution and redistribution of the partial value of the national wealth and total social product, is related with the subjects of the economy and formation and usage of the state cash incomes and savings in the widened further production, in the material stimulation of the workers for satisfaction of the society social and other requests”.

In the manuals of the political economy we meet with the following definitions of finances:

“Finances of the socialistic state represent economical (cash) relations, with the help of which, in the way of planned distribution of the incomes and savings the funds of money sources of the state and socialistic manufactures are formed for guaranteeing the growth of the production, rising the material and cultural level of the people and for satisfying other general society requests”.

“The system of creation and usage of necessary funds of cash resources for guarantying socialistic widened further production represent exactly the finances of the socialistic society. And the totality of economical relations arisen between state, manufactures and organizations, branches, regions and separate citizen according to the movement of cash funds make financial relations”.

As we’ve seen, definitions of finances made by financiers and political economists do not differ greatly.

In every discussed position there are:

1)      expression of essence and phenomenon in the definition of finances;

2)      the definition of finances, as the system of the creation and usage of funds of cash sources on the level of phenomenon.

3)      Distribution of finances as social product and the value of national income, definition of the distributions planned character, main goals of the economy and economical relations, for servicing of which it is used.

If refuse the preposition “socialistic” in the definition of finances, we may say, that it still keeps actuality. We meet with such traditional definitions of finances, without an adjective “socialistic”, in the modern economical literature. We may give such an elucidation: “finances represent cash resources of production and usage, also cash relations appeared in the process of distributing values of formed economical product and national wealth for formation and further production of the cash incomes and savings of the economical subjects and state, rewarding of the workers and satisfaction of the social requests”.  in this elucidation of finances like D. S. Moliakov and V. M. Rodionov’s definitions, following the traditional inheritance, we meet with the widening of the financial foundation. They concern “distribution and redistribution of the value of created economical product, also the partial distribution of the value of national wealth”. This latest is very actual, relatively to the process of privatization and the transition to privacy and is periodically used in practice in different countries, for example, Great Britain and France.

“Finances – are cash sources, financial resources, their creation and movement, distribution and redistribution, usage, also economical relations, which are conditioned by intercalculations between the economical subjects, movement of cash sources, money circulation and usage”.

“Finances are the system of economical relations, which are connected with firm creation, distribution and usage of financial resources”.We meet with absolutely innovational definitions of finances in Z. Body and R. Merton’s basis manuals. “Finance – it is the science about how the people lead spending `the deficit cash resources and incomes in the definite period of time. The financial decisions are characterized by the expenses and incomes which are 1) separated in time, and 2) as a rule, it is impossible to take them into account beforehand neither by those who get decisions nor any other person”. “Financial theory consists of numbers of the conceptions… which learns systematically the subjects of distribution of the cash resources relatively to the time factor; it also considers quantitative models, with the help of which the estimation, putting into practice and realization of the alternative variants of every financial decisions take place”.

These basic conceptions and quantitative models are used at every level of getting financial decisions, but in the latest definition of finances, we meet with the following doctrine of the financial foundation: main function of the finances is in the satisfaction of the people’s requests; the subjects of economical activities of any kind (firms, also state organs of every level) are directed towards fulfilling this basic function.

For the goals of our monograph, it is important to compare well-known definitions about finances, credit and investment, to decide how and how much it is possible to integrate the finances, investments and credit into the one total part.

Some researcher thing that credit is the consisting part of finances, if it is discussed from the position of essence and category. The other, more numerous group proves, that an economical category of credit exists parallel to the economical category of finances, by which it underlines impossibility of the credit’s existence in the consistence of finances.

N. K. Kuchukova underlined the independence of the category of credit and notes that it is only its “characteristic feature the turned movement of the value, which is not related with transmission of the loan opportunities together with the owners’ rights”.

N. D. Barkovski replies that functioning of money created an economical basis for apportioning finances and credit as an independent category and gave rise to the credit and financial relations. He noticed the Gnoseological roots of science in money and credit, as the science about finances has business with the research of such economical relations, which lean upon cash flow and credit.

Let’s discuss the most spread definitions of credit. in the modern publications credit appeared to be “luckier”, then finances. For example, we meet with the following definition of credit in the finance-economical dictionary: “credit is the loan in the form of cash and commodity with the conditions of returning, usually, by paying percent. Credit represents a form of movement of the loan capital and expresses economical relations between the creditor and borrower”.

This is the traditional definition of credit. In the earlier dictionary of the economy we read: “credit is the system of economical relations, which is formed while the transmission of cash and material means into the temporal usage, as a rule under the conditions of returning and paying percent”.

In the manual of the political economy published under reduction of V. A. Medvedev the following definition is given: “credit, as an economical category, expresses the created relations between the society, labour collective and workers during formation and usage of the loan funds, under the terms of paying present and returning, during transmission of sources for the temporal usage and accumulation”.Credit is discussed in the following way in the earlier education-methodological manuals of political economy: “credit is the system of money relations, which is created in the process of using and mobilization of temporarily free cash means of the state budget, unions, manufactures, organizations and population. Credit has an objective character. It is used for providing widened further production of the state and other needs. Credit differs from finances by the returning character, while financing of manufactures and organizations by the state is fulfilled without this condition”.

We meet with the following definition if “the course of economy”: “credit is an economical category, which represents relations, while the separate industrial organizations or persons transmit money means to each-other for temporal usage under the conditions of returning. Creation of credit is conditioned by a historical process of fulfilling the economical and money relations, the form of which is the money relation”.

Following scientists give slightly different definitions of credit:

“Credit – is a loan in the form of money or commodity, which is given to the borrower by a creditor under the conditions of returning and paying the percentage rate by the borrower”.

Credit is giving the temporally free money sources or commodity as a debt for the defined terms by the price of fixed percentage. Thus, a credit is the loan in the form of money or commodity. In the process of this loan’s movement, a definite relations are formed between a creditor (the loan is given by a juridical of physical person, who gives certain cash as a debt) and the debtor.

Combining every definition named above, we come to an idea, that credit is giving money capital of commodity as a debt, for certain terms and material provision under the price of firm percentage rate. It expresses definite economical relations between the participants of the process of capital formation. Necessity of the credit relations is conditioned, from one side, by gathering solid quantity of temporarily free money sources, and from the second side, existence of requests of them.

Though, at the same time we must distinguish two resembling concepts: loan and credit. Loan is characterized by:

·         Here, the discussion may touch upon transmission of money and also things form one side (loaner) to another (borrower): a)under the owning of the borrower and, at the same time, b) under the conditions of returning same amount or same quantity and quality of the things;

·         The loaning of money may bear no interest;

·         Any person may take part in it.

With the difference with loan, credit, which is somehow a private occasion of the loan, represents:

·         One side (loaner) gives to the second one (borrower) only money, and _ for temporal usage;

·         It may not bear no interest (if the assignment doesn’t foresee something);

·         In it creditor is not any person, but a credit organization (at the first place, banks).

So, a credit is the bank credit. To our mind, it is not correct to use “credit” and “loan” as the synonyms.

Banking crediting is the union of relations between bank (as a creditor) and its borrower. These relations touch upon:

a)      Giving a certain amount of money to the borrower for definite purpose (though, we meet with the so-called free credits, aims and objects of crediting are not appointed in the assignment);

b)      Its opportune returning;

c)      Getting percentage rate from the borrower for using the sources under his/her disposal.

The essential foundation of the credit essence and its important element is existence of trust between the two sides (in Latin “credo”, from which comes the word “credit”, means “trust”).

From the position of circulation of money forms (in the abstraction, historical process of formation economical relations and social budget and banking systems expressed by them) comparing different definitions of finances and credit, the paradox conclusion appears: credit is the private occasion of finances. And truly, from the position of movement of the money forms, finances represent the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means. Very often such movements are fulfilled without returning, but sometimes, it is possible to give loans from the budget for the investment projects of other needs. Also, when a manufacture or corporations use their cash funds and we mean the finances of industrial subject, such usage may be realized as inside the manufacture or corporation (there is no subject about returning or not returning of the usage), so gratis under conditions of returning. This latest is called commercial form because of transmitting the sources to others, but even in this occasion, it is the element of financial system of the manufacture and corporation.

From the point of cash means movement, main character of credit is the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means under the conditions of returning and, as a rule, taking the value-percentage. If gating the credit value doesn’t take place (even in the exceptional occasions), according to the movement form, credit becomes a private occasion of finances, as from the net financial funds (consequently from the state budget) the loans which bear no interests may be used. If gating credit value takes place, by the appearance form, credit is discussed to be financial modification.

From the historical point of view, finances (especially in the sort of the state budget) and credit (beginning with usury, later commercial and banking) were developing differently for considering credit to be the part of finances. Though, from the genetic-historical point of view, previous loaners, before giving loan, needed gathering the permanent capital not returning, that is the net financial foundation. The banks analogously needed concentration of the important own capital for influxing the consumers’ means and for getting higher percentage rate under the conditions of returning. Herewith, exactly on the financial basis, in the sort of financial fund (which later partially becomes loan fund) part of the bank capital appears to be the reservation (insurance) part of the fund, which by nature is financial and not loan. So notwithstanding the essential distinctions between finances and credit form the genetic-historical point of view, credit appears to be formed from finances and represent their modification.

From the essential position of expressing economical relations of finances and credit, we meet with cardinal distinctions between these two categories. Which mostly expressed by the distinction of the movement forms notwithstanding they are returnable or not. Finances express relations in the aspects of distribution and redistribution of social product and part of the national wealth. Credit expresses distribution of the appropriate value only in the section of percentage given for loan, while according to the loan itself, a only a temporal distribution of money sources takes place.

Herewith, there is a lot of common between the finances and credit as from the essential point of view, so according to the form of movement. At the same time, there is a significant distinction between finances and credit as in the essence, so in the form too. According to this, there must be a kind of generally economical category, which will consider finances and credit as a total unity, and in the bounds of this category itself, the separation of the specific essence of the finances and credit would take place.

Funding of the cash means is common to the researched economical categories. It takes place in any separate system of finances and credit, which have been touched upon during the analyses of defining finances and credit. Word combination “funding of the cash sources (fund formation)” reflects and defines exactly essence and form of economical category of more general character, those of finances and credit categories. Though in the in economical texts and practice, it is very uncomfortable to use a termini, which consists of three words. Also, “unloading” with an information hardens greatly its influxing into the circulation even in the conditions of its strict substantiation and thoroughness.

In the discussing context we consider:

1)      wide and narrow understanding of economical category of the finances;

2)      discussing finances in narrow understanding under general traditional meaning;

3)      discussing finances, as funding of the cash means, in wide understanding, which concerns finances – in narrow meaning and credit – in complete meaning.

Termini “funding” and its equivalent “fund formation” are used by us as the purposeful structuring of cash means, which is based on two poles – accumulation of money sources (gathering) and its usage for definite purpose in the way of financing and crediting.

We have established a new termini – “finance-investment sphere” (FIS). Analyses about interrelation of finances and credit made by us give us an opportunity of proving, that in the given termini, the word “financial” is used with the meaning of funding cash sources, its purposeful structuring. In this process we consider at the same time financial, credit and investments’ economical categories.

Let’s sum up middle results of discussing new concept – “finance-investment sphere” and discuss its investment consisting parts.

The concept “investments” was brought into the native economical science from the West. In the Soviet economical science they for a long time used in the place “investments” the termini “capital placement”, which expressed the usage of the industrial factors in the sphere of real industrial activities during realization of capital projects. From one glance, this termini in its concept is identical to the “investments”, consequently it is possible to use them as synonyms. Though the termini “investments” and “investing” have the advantage towards the termini “capital placement” from linguistic and philological points of view, because they are expressed with one word. This is not only economical and comfortable in the process of working with the termini “investment” itself, but also it gives an opportunity of termini formation. More concretely: “investment process”, “investment domain”, “finance-investment sphere” – all these termini are much more acceptable.

Changing native economical termini with foreign ones is purposeful, if it really matters (by keeping parallel usage of the native termini for the inheritance). Though we must not change native economical termini into foreign ones all together, when by ordinal traditional language easy to explain private and narrow concrete processes and elements get their own termini. The “movement” of these termini is approved in the narrow professional bounds, but their “spitting out” into the economical science may turn economical language into the tangled slang.

Let’s discuss termini – “investment” and “capital placement’s” usage in the economical literature.

Investments are placement of funds into the main and circulation capital for the purpose of getting profit. “Investments in material assets – are the placements of funds into the mobile and real estate (land, buildings, furniture and so on). Investments in financial assets are the placements of funds into the securities bank accounts and other financial instruments”.

We don’t meet with the termini “investments” in the earlier economical dictionary, but we meet the combined termini “investment policy” – the union of the industrial decisions, which guarantee main directions of the capital investments, the activities of their concentration in the determinant suburbs, on which the reaching of planned rates of development of the society production is depended, balancing and effectiveness, getting more and more production and profit of the national income for every lost Ruble”. For today, in the most actual definitions, the capital investments are bounded only by financial means, when not only financial, but also the investment of natural, material-technical and informational resources takes place. Labour resources take an actual place in the investment process. They themselves fulfill this or that investment process.

A positive side of the discussed definitions is that they connect investment policy and capital placements (investments):

-          economical development according to the key directions to the concentration;

-          providing high rates of economical growth;

-          raising an economical effectiveness, which is expressed:

a)      by growing the throw off of the production and national income for every lost Ruble;

b)      by fulfilling the branch structure of the investments;

c)      by improving their technological structure;

d)     by optimization of their further production structure.

Compared with such definition of the investments (capital placement) the definition of investments in the dictionary attaching the “Economics” seems to be unimproved: “investments  – the expenses of gathering production and industrial means and increasing material reserve”. In this definition current expenses (production expenses) are mixed with the investment (capital) expense. Also, not the investment expenses but (though the investments are followed by the appropriate expenses) exactly advancing. It differs from the expenses by that the means (means) are put by returning the advanced values, also, under the conditions of growth, to which the concept-advanced capital is corresponding. the advancing may be realized in the money, natural-material and informational forms.

Except the termini “investments”, there are two more termini related with the investment. They are shown below.

 “Human capital investment” – any activity provided for rising the workers labour productivity (in the way of growing their qualification and developing their abilities); at the expenses of improving the workers’ education, health and raising the mobility of the working forces”. It is very useful to use the mentioned termini, though it needs one correction: the human capital investments do not concern only workers, but also the servants, representatives of every kind of labour.

“Investment commodity, capital goods – a capital.”

In the official manuals of political economy of the reformation time the capital investments are discussed as “expenses for creating new main funds and widening, reconstruction and renewing the active ones”. In this definition the investments (capital placements) during separation of the forms (types) of further production of the main funds are bounded only by main funds (without increases of the circulation funds and insurance reserves): a) creating new ones; b) widening; c) reconstruction; d) renewing. Also, the concept of the industrial gathering appears, at the expenses of widening of basic, circulation funds and also insurance reserves takes place”.

You’ll meet below the definitions of investments from “the course of economy”: the investments are called “placements of fund into the basic capital (basic means of production), reserves, also other economical objects and processes, which request long-termed influxing of material and cash means. “According to the division of capital into physical and money forms, the investments too must be divided into material and cash investments”.

They apportion investment commodity, to which belong industrial and nonindustrial building objects, vehicles purposed for changing or widened technical park and the furniture, increasing reserves and others.

“They call the total investments of production an investment product, which is directed towards keeping and increasing the basic capital (basic means) and reserve. Total investments consist of two parts. One of them is called the depreciation; it represents important investment resources for compensation of renewal till the level of before industrial usage, wearing out and repairing of the basic means. Second consisting part of the total investments is represented by net investments – capital investments for the purpose of increasing basic means”. Depreciation is not a compensation resource of wearing the basic funds out, but it is the purposeful financial source of such resources.

Human capital investment is “a specific kind of investments, mostly in education and health protection”.

“Real investments are the investments in the economical branches and also, they are kinds of economical activities, which provide influxing the increases of real capital, that is increasing material values of the industrial means”. We can agree with such definition with one specification that material and nonmaterial values too belong to the real capital (wealth), consequently science-researching experimental-construction results, various information, education of he workers and others. Such service as organization of the excitable games, also the service of redistribution social wealth from one private person to another (except charity).

“Financial investments represent placement of funds into the shares, obligations, promissory notes, other securities and instruments. Such investments, of course, do not give increases of the real material capital, but they help getting profit, consequently at the expenses of changing the course of the securities in the time of speculation, or distinguishing the course in different places of sell and purchasing”. We share wholly such definition, hence it follows that financial investments (if it is not followed by real investments as a result) do not increase real material wealth and real nonmaterial wealth. According to this context, the expression below is very important: “we must distinguish financial investments, which represent placement of the funds in the ways of selling and purchasing the securities for the purpose of getting profit and financial investments, which become cash and real, moved to real physical capital.”

In the “economical course” quoted before long and short-termed investments are separated. Recognizing the existence of the bounds between them, the authors ascribe short-termed investments to “one month or more” investments. If we get such conditioned criteria, that we can call the investments which overcome the terms of some months, long-termed ones, which is very doubtful and we don’t agree with it. A long-termed character of the fund placement is a significant feature of the investments (short-term doesn’t combine with the concept of investments). Principally, it would be better to point out quick compensative, middle termed compensative and long-termed compensative investments:

-          less then 6 months – quick compensative;

-          from 6 months up to the year and a half – middle termed compensative;

-          more then the year and a half – long termed compensative.

We stopped at the definition of the investments in the capital work “economical course” for the special purpose, as, in it the author tried to discuss the concept of investments systemically and quite completely, herewith the book is published just now.

We’ll return to the discussion the definition economical category of “investments” in different publications in the following chapter. The definitions given here are quite enough for having a notion of the level of lighting up the given category in the economical literature.

What conclusions may be made according the definition of the mentioned economical category in the published works, except the made notions and specifications?

There is quite deeply, concretely and thoroughly defined the concept of “investments”, different definitions in the economical literature; but mostly in every works about the investments discussed by us until now, there is not opened the essence of investments as an economical category. In every monograph, even if it has a title investment, as an economical category, there is given only the definition, concept of investments. But, as the Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, “a concept is a discussion, which proves something about the distinguishing feature of the researched object. A concept out of much essential characteristic features represents only one, and essential in it is only – definition”.

But the categories are much wider; it is “a key, the most fundamental concept of every science”. Economical categories theoretically represent real, objectively existed productive relations. A category is the defining of occasions of existed characters, connections, relations of the objective world. Generally, any educational process is fulfilled by the categories, which give opportunities for dividing the processes and occasions semantically, for expressing the definitions of a subject and realize their specific peculiarities and economical relations of a material world.

Our goal is exactly to substantiate investments – as an economical category and also, as a financial category in the narrow understanding.

Here we apply for another manual thesis made by the academician Vasil Chantladze: “every financial relation is an economical one and every financial category is and economical one, but not every economical relation and economical category is financial relation and financial category”.

In the process of defining the investments, it is important to take in mind the sides of resources, expenses and incomes, because investment, from one side, is the result of the manufacture’s activity, and, from another one, – a part of income, which, in this case, is not used for usage.

Another occasion: it is advisable to discuss investments in two aspects: as a category of reserve and flow, which will reflect exactly the connection between “placement of funds” and “investments”.

As we’ve mentioned above, not long ago, in the well-known Soviet literature the concepts of “the placement of funds” and “investments” were accepted to be the synonyms and concerned to be investment of sources for further production of the main funds and formation of the turnover funds. We meet with such understanding of the concept of “investment” (here, they separate three types of the investment expenses: investments in the basic capital of investments, investments in the house building and investments in the reserves) in the modern economical publications and it is mostly used on the macro level during a statistical analyze of economical processes. In this concrete occasion investment is the category of reserve.

According to the aspect of flow the investments may be discussed in the process of analyzing industrial activity, when it is necessary to learn the variety of the economical relations related with the investments’ further production and formation, sources, objects and subjects, that is on the micro level.

Main distinguishing criteria of different methods of approach towards the concept of “investment” the aspect of prolonging of measuring this showing. Is it possible or not to measure the investment showing separate from the term factor (the norm of gathering, the volume of capital property, the reserves of production and so on). If it is possible, then it is the category of reserve, and if it is not, then it is measured in the section of time and belongs to the category of flow.

Thus, investment, as an economical category, is quite consuming concept. It concerns the elements defining the regularities of function and regulation of the investment domain, privately:

First, resources and values put into the industrial activity. Here, investments may be realized in the following ways:

1.      mobile and real estates (buildings, constructions, furniture and other material values);

2.      cash sources, purposeful bank accounts, credits, shares and other long-termed securities;

3.      owners rights according to the author’s rights, licenses, Now-How, experience and other intellectual values;

4.      the rights for using land and other natural resources, also other owners rights.

Notwithstanding any forms, investments are results of capital gathering. Leading investments – regularity of gathering defines its volume and dynamics and, generally, whole investment activity.

Second, the incomes ruling volume and dynamics of the resource investment. Herewith, we must underline the circumstance, that the process of getting profit, the regularity of its creation, isn’t a constant of the concept “investment”. The factors of production (also the conditions of exploitation of capital values) and selling (market conjuncture), also the process of capital gathering is the leading and important condition only for the investment formation. Though, we underline again, that the process of getting and distributing the income is a significant component of the investment activity.

The transformation of investments makes the basis for the investment activity, which concern the following circles: resources – investment (expense) – capital property – income. The practice of realization such circles of the investments transformation is exactly the investment activity (investing). The investment activity, except the investments itself, concern motivation and stimulation of the capital gathering, relations of capital gathering and ruling, also, totality of the defined level of profitability on the capital and the goals of capital growth.

According to the mentioned above, in the definitions of the investment as economical category sometimes the needed exactness and clearness is not felt, some categories of the wealth are represented tightly enough. For example, real prosperity is bounded only by material estimation. This leads us to the unvalued investment resources in the era of transformation industrial society into the investment one; also to the recognition of yet uninvolved valuable scientific researches in the production, securities turned into speculation objects, and unreal property in the consistence of one and the same parts; to there equalization. On the basis of the made analyses, we can cite a wide definition of the investments together with the leading categories.

Investment resources – are values, invested into this or that project in this or that kind for the purpose of getting profit beginning with material ones, finished with cash.

Kinds of the prosperity are equal to the kinds of the investment resources and is divided into real and cash, consequently into financial resources.

Real investment resources concern all kinds:

-          natural resources;

-          labour resources;

-          material resources, the usage of which is possible in the economical development (buildings, constructions, vehicles and furniture, transport and communication means and so on;

-          investment resources (in the widest understanding, that is from scientific-research and experimental-construction works, till the education potential of the society and till all kinds of gathering useful information, written about every possible, that is typing and electronic bearer).

Cash, consequently financial resources concern every cash means for usage in this way in definite conditions or directed in the sort of investments.

Cash means (resources) turn into the financial resources in the case of structuring of funds of purposeful destination foreseen for investments of this or that kind.

After defining investment resources we can make wide definition of the investments as economical category.

Investments – are the placements of real, financial and intellectual resources into the projects, the fulfillment of which leads us to getting the increases from real wealth, in the material and informational forms. It is followed by a cash (financial) prosperity or its increases (at the expenses of the distribution of the cash means).

As an economical category, investments express economical relations, which are created in the ways of using and formation of the investment resources between the participants of the investment process for the purpose of improving and widening of the enterprise.

Question about financing